Something Has Gone Seriously Wrong with Our Modernized Way of Living

Something Has Gone Seriously Wrong with Our Modernized Way of Living

"[Dr. Romig] stated that in his thirty-six years of contact with these people he had never seen a case of malignant disease among the truly primitive Eskimos and Indians, although it frequently occurs when they become modernized." Nutrition and Physical Degeneration 6th Edition

“I have referred to the fact that one of the leading Indian scholars of the western coast informed me that the primitive Indian language did not have words for ‘rheumatism’ or ‘arthritis’ in any of their various forms. He said these disease were unknown to the primitive Indians. At the point of contact with modern civilization where the only apparent important change has been the displacement of the native foods with the foods of modern commerce, I found arthritis and tuberculosis were common. In a group of twenty homes at Telegraph Creek and its vicinity I found ten bedridden cripples. Many of these cases were so hopelessly advanced that nothing could be done.” Price, W. A.

Scientists Claim They Do Not Know The Cause Of Many Diseases

Here is typical information you will find about nearly every disease:

"Scientist do not understand the cause of __________ (fill in any disease name). There is probably not one cause, but many different factors. Family history is a risk factor, Scientists believe that genetics may play a role in getting __________ (fill in any disease name). ___________ (fill in any disease name) has no known cure, and the secrets to preventing it are not yet known."

• We Are Told to Look Away from Food and Nutrition and Its Role in Disease
• We Are Told that Disease is Genetic
• We Are Told that there is No Cure

Neither are true
Disease is usually curable, and disease is not caused by genetics. Disease is passed down by intercepted heredity, which means, disease is first inherited through a nutrient deficiency passed from mother & father to child, and then this nutrient deficiency continues during the child's growing years, creating illness.

The Truth, Both Infectious and Degenerative Diseases can be Cured and Prevented, With Nutrition

Infectious Diseases, These are Usually Curable
An infectious disease is an illness that impairs our functions and supposedly results from the presence of pathogenic agents such as viruses, bacteria’s, fungi, parasites and so forth. Some examples of diseases labeled as infectious are, cold’s, flu’s, tooth decay, respiratory infections, AIDS, Tuberculosis, Polio, Malaria, Measles, Pertusis, Tetanus, Meningitis, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B.

Degenerative Diseases, are Usually Preventable
Alzheimer's Disease, Lou Gehrig's Disease, Heart Disease, Cancer, Atherosclerosis, Diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Parkinson's Disease, Osteoarthritis, and Osteoporosis.

Both types of diseases are usually curable or preventable because, Nutrition is the Cause of Physical Degeneration

The Healthy People of the Loetschental Valley, Switzerland

We will now examine evidence to show you how nutritional deficiency is the primary cause of disease in the west.

Like many of us, Weston A. Price, DDS (1870 - 1948), has suffered from the results of physical degeneration. His son Donald, died from complications of an infected root canal, which Dr. Price put in. Dr. Price examined physical degeneration by carefully studying people's teeth. What is true for the teeth, is usually true for the rest of the body.

The pictures are used with permission from the
Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, ppnf.org 800-366-3748

The Beautiful Loetschental Valley circa, 1932

In this valley, Dr. Price writes, “They have neither physician nor dentist because they have so little need for them; they have neither policeman nor jail, because they have no need for them.” Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

“While the cows spend the warm summer on the verdant knolls and wooded slopes near the glaciers and fields of perpetual snow, they have a period of high and rich productivity of milk… This cheese contains the natural butter fat and minerals of the splendid milk and is a virtual storehouse of life for the coming winter.”
Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

“[Reverend John Siegen] told me that they recognize the presence of Divinity in the life-giving qualities of the butter made in June when cows have arrived for pasturage near the glaciers. He gathers the people together to thank the kind Father for evidence of his Being in the life-giving qualities of butter and cheese when the cows eat the grass near the snow line." Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

These isolated Swiss children, were remarkably healthy. "The sturdiness of the child life permits children to play and frolic bareheaded and barefooted even in water running down from the glacier in the late evening's chilly breezes, in weather that made us wear our overcoats and gloves and button our collars.”
Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

The health of these children is indicated by the well developed faces and lack of tooth decay.

Health & Nutrition Analysis of the Isolated, Indigenous Swiss

The nutrition of the people of the Loetschental Valley
Whole Rye Bread, Summer Cheese (about as large as the slice of bread), which is eaten with fresh milk of goats or cows. Meat is eaten once a week.

Immunity to Tooth Decay
In a study of 4,280 teeth of the children of these high valleys, only 3.4% were found to have been attacked by tooth decay. In the Loetschental Valley 0.3% of all teeth where affected with tooth decay.

Note:
The average rate of teeth infected with tooth decay in the US, which is possibly based on less stringent indicators than Dr. Price used, for 12-19 year olds ranges from 6.25% to 11.61%. Children in the Loetschental Valley where approximately 20 times more immune to tooth decay than modern children.

Nutrient Analysis of an Average Diet for Indigenous People in the Swiss Alps

Calories	Food	Fat-Soluble Activators	Calcium (grams)	Phosphorus (grams)	Iron (grams)
800	Rye Bread	Low	0.07	0.46	0.00
400	Milk	High	0.68	0.53	0.00
400	Cheese	Very High	0.84	0.62	0.00
100	Butter	Very High	0.00	0.00	0.00
100	Barely	Low	0.00	0.03	0.00
100	Vegetables	Low	0.06	0.08	0.00
100	Meat	Medium	0.00	0.12	0.00
2000		Very High	1.76	3.04	0.01

Price, W. A., (Some figures have been rounded up for simplicity)

The Modernized Swiss, No Longer Eat Their Native Foods

In the 1930's, Dental Caries was a major problem for school children in modern parts of Switzerland, with 85-100 percent of the population affected. The local health director tried sun-taning the children, to prevent tooth decay, this did not work.

"In the modernized districts of Switzerland tooth decay is rampant. The girl, upper left, is sixteen and the one to the right is younger. They use white bread and sweets liberally. The two children below have very badly formed dental arches with crowding of the teeth. this deformity is not due to heredity." Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

Modernized - Is defined as people eating store bought food, living a convenience based lifestyle with products of commerce. This is similar to how we live in cities and suburbs today.

Health and Nutrition Analysis for Modernized Swiss

The Nutrition of Modernized Swiss
"white-flour products, marmalades, jams, canned vegetables, confections, and fruits--all of which are transported to the district. Only a limited supply of vegetables is grown locally." Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

Interesting Note
"We studied some children here whose parents retained their primitive methods of food selection, and without exception those who were immune to dental caries were eating a distinctly different food from those with high susceptibility to dental caries.” Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

Immunity to Tooth Decay
In of the 2,065 teeth 25.5% where attacked, many teeth had abscessed. Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

Note on Immunity to Tooth Decay
Today in the US, 20-39 year old adults average nearly the exact same 25.25% of all teeth having been affected by tooth decay. There is merely a longer time delay in our culture for severe tooth decay to happen.

Nutrient Analysis of an Average Diet for Modernized Swiss

Calories	Food	Fat-Soluble Activators	Calcium	Phosphorus	Iron
1000	White Bread	Low	0.11	0.35	0.00
400	Jam, Honey, Sugar, Syrup	Low	0.05	0.08	0.02
100	Chocolate and Coffee	Low	0.02	0.07	0.00
100	Milk	High	0.17	0.13	0.00
100	Canned Vegetables	Low	0.08	0.08	0.00
100	Meat	Medium	0.01	0.11	0.00
100	Vegetable Fat	Low	0.00	0.00	0.00
100	Butter (dairy)	High	0.00	0.00	0.00
2000		Low	0.44	0.82	0.026

Price, W. A., (Some figures have been rounded up for simplicity)

Compare these figures to the Isolated Swiss

Swiss	Calories	Fat-Soluble Activators	Calcium	Phosphorus	Iron
Isolated	2000	Very High	1.76	3.04	0.01
Modernized	2000	Low	0.44	0.82	0.026
Native/Isolated Diets Compared		10x or more	4x	3.7x	-2x or 1x

Native diets provided several times more nutrients and fat-soluble activators than their displacing/Modernized diets.

The reason for tooth decay and physical degeneration is shown in the tables analyzing the nutrients of the primitive and the modern diets. The modern diets are deficient in several crucial nutrients.

The Healthy People of the Outer Hebrides, Islands off the Coast of Scotland

“Stories have long been told of the superb health of the people living in the Islands of the Outer Hebrides."
Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

Health and Nutrition Analysis for Isolated Gaelics

Nutrition of Isolated Gaelics
"The basic foods of these islanders are fish and oat products with a little barley. Oat grain is the one cereal which develops fairly readily, and it provides the porridge and oat cakes which in many homes are eaten in some form regularly with each meal. The fishing about the Outer Hebrides is specially favorable, and small sea foods, including lobsters, crabs, oysters and clams, are abundant. An important and highly relished article of diet has been baked cod's head stuffed with chopped cod's liver and oatmeal.”
Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

"Their nutrition is provided by their oat products and fish, and by a very limited amount of vegetable foods. Lobsters and flat fish are a very important part of their foods. Fruits are practically unknown. Yet the physiques of these people are remarkably fine."
Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

Immunity to Tooth Decay

Isle of Lewis, only 1.3 teeth out of every hundred examined that had even been attacked by dental caries. (1.3%)

Isle of Harris, 1.0%

Isle of Skye, Those living on primitive foods had only 0.7 carious teeth per hundred. (0.7%)

Nutrient Analysis of an Average Diet for Indigenous People in the Outer Hebrides

Calories	Food	Fat-Soluble Activators	Calcium	Phosphorus	Iron
500 500	Oatmeal Oatcake	Low	0.17	0.99	0.01
100	Barley	Low	0.00	0.31	0.00
800	Fish with Livers	Very High	1.54	1.62	0.06
100	Eggs	Medium	0.05	0.12	0.00
2000		Very High	1.76	3.04	0.07

Modernized Gaelic's in the Outer Hebrides Compared with Isolated Gaelic's

"One of the sad stories of the Isle of Lewis has to do with the recent rapid progress of the white plague. The younger generation of the modernized part of the Isle of Lewis is not showing the same resistance to tuberculosis as their ancestors."
Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

"[The brother on the left had] excellent teeth and [on the right] rampant caries. These boys were brothers eating at the same table. The older boy, with excellent teeth, was still enjoying primitive food of oatmeal and oatcake and sea foods with some limited dairy products. The younger boy, seen to the left, had extensive tooth decay. Many teeth were missing including two in the front. He insisted on having white bread, jam, highly sweetened coffee and also sweet chocolates. His father told me with deep concern how difficult it was for this boy to get up in the morning and go to work."
Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

Above: Normal Development
"An examination of the growing boys and girls disclosed the fact that only one tooth out of every hundred examined had ever been attacked by tooth decay. The general physical development of these children was excellent, as may be seen in the upper half of [this figure]. Note their broad faces."
Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

Below: Checked Development
"This is in striking contrast with the children of the hamlet of Tarbert which is the only shipping port on the Isle of Harris.. These Tarbert children had an incidence of 32.4 carious teeth out of every hundred teeth examined. The distance between these two points is not over ten miles.. [They have] access to modern foods, since it supports a white bread bakery store with modern jams, marmalades, and other kinds of canned foods."
Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

Health and Nutrition Analysis for Modernized Gaelics

Nutrition of Modernized Gaelics
"In Stornoway, one could purchase angel food cake, white bread, as snow white as that to be found in any community in the world, many other white-flour products; also, canned marmalades, canned vegetables, sweetened fruit juices, jams, confections of every type filled the store windows and counters."
Price, W. A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th Ed.,

Immunity to Tooth Decay

Isle of Lewis, In a count of one hundred individuals appearing to be between the ages of twenty and forty, twenty-five were already wearing artificial teeth.

Isle of Harris, 32.4%

Isle of Skye, 16.3% or twenty-three times as many teeth as the isolated Gaelics had been attacked with dental caries.

Nutrient Analysis of an Average Diet for Modernized Gaelics

Calories	Food	Fat-Soluble Activators	Calcium	Phosphorus	Iron
1000	White Bread	Low	0.11	0.35	0.04
400	Jam, Sugar, Syrup	Low	0.05	0.08	0.02
100	Chocolate and Coffee	Low	0.01	0.07	0.00
300	Fish Without Livers	High	0.57	0.60	0.02
100	Canned Vegetables	Low	0.06	0.08	0.00
100	Eggs	Medium	0.04	0.12	0.00
2000		Low	0.84	1.30	0.07

Price, W. A.

Diet Comparison Primitive vs. Modern Gaelics

Gaelics	Calories	Fat-Soluble Activators	Calcium	Phosphorus	Iron
Isolated	2000	Very High	1.76	3.04	0.07
Modern	2000	Low	0.84	1.30	0.07
The Differences		10x or more	2.1x	2.3x	1.0x

It should now be clear why isolated primitive people in the Swiss Alps and in the Islands off the Coast of Scotland maintained a high degree of health and a freedom from tooth decay. It should also be clear, why the modernized people in those areas, lost their immunity to tooth decay. The isolated diets contained several times the amount of water soluble vitamins, and particularly, ten times or more the amount of fat-soluble vitamins.

Disease is not many times a result of, or caused by viruses or genetics. Disease is caused when our bodies are starved of nutrients from eating a diet that does not support the needs of the physical structures of our bodies.

The Diet of Modern Citizens of the United States

	Calcium	Phosphorus	Fat-Soluble Vitamin A	Fat-Soluble Vitamins D, E, K
Daily averages of the previously listed Indigenous Diets	1.97 grams	4.30 grams	High - Very High	High - Very High
Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Pregnancy	1.0 gram	0.70 grams	2541 IU	15mg for Vitamin E
Percentage of Adult Women below the RDA	65.1%	27.4%	56.2%	69.4% for Vitamin E
Percentage of Adult Men Below the RDA	55.4%	13.0%	60.9%	64.4% for Vitamin E

This graph shows how mother's are many times starving for nutrients prior to pregnancy.

The deficiency is shown in this chart in two ways. Firstly, the large portion of women below the RDA standards, which are similar to the DRI standards for pregnancy. Then, in comparison, how low those DRI standards for nutrients are, relative to healthy Indigenous peoples.

We have here, evidence of our modern nutritional catastrophe. The average male and female adult, at the time of conception and during pregnancy and lactation, probably is only getting half of the minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus they need for health, and probably one quarter, to one tenth of the fat-soluble vitamins (A,D, E, K) they need for a healthy body and thus for a healthy child.

Immunity to Tooth Decay, United States

Immunity to Tooth Decay United States interpertation of Data from CDC

Age Group	Average Number of Decayed Missing or Filled Teeth Per Person	Percent of Decayed Missing or Filled Teeth Per 100 teeth, est.	Percent of Age Group Affected by Tooth Decay
2-5	1.01	5.05%	27.9%
6-11	0.42	1.75%	49.0%
12-15	1.75	6.25%	49.6%
16-19	3.25	11.6%	67.9%
20-39	7.07	25.25%	86.7%
40-59	12.85	45.89%	95.1%
60+	17.46	62.36%	93.1%

For these charts, the third molars (wisdom teeth) where excluded in the data. That means, on average, US adults have even more missing teeth than the figures are presented, since many adults have had their wisdom teeth removed. For ages 2-5 I assumed 20 total teeth, for ages 6-11 I made my averages assuming 24 total teeth, and for ages 12 and older the assumption is 28 total teeth.

In examing the figures it is likely the data collection standards for determining whether a tooth was infected by decay varied widely. I believe the highest chance of tooth decay would occur during the period of rapid growth between ages 12-17. Nevertheless, you see that by the time you are in your 20's and 30's, the odd are you will have 7 teeth that are decayed. By the time you reach 60, this goes up to 17 teeth.

Miracle at St. Anna (2008)

Miracle at St. Anna is a must see movie. Spike Lee did a wonderful job with this work of fiction that is based on the real life Buffalo Soldiers in Italy during World War II. Though there was controversy and calls for it being banned prior to the release of the movie, the movie was released and well received. The following is the plot summary for the movie.

Christmas, 1983. A New York postal clerk, a Buffalo Soldier in Italy in World War II, shoots a stranger. In his apartment, police find a valuable Italian marble head, missing since the war. Flashbacks tell the story of four Black soldiers who cross Tuscany's Serchio River, dodging German and friendly fire. With a shell-shocked boy in tow, they reach the village of Colognora. Orders via radio tell them to capture a German soldier for questioning about a counteroffensive. In the village, a beautiful woman, partisans that include a traitor and a local legend, the boy, and the story of a recent massacre connect to the postal worker's anguish forty years later. And the miracle? Written by {jhailey@hotmail.com}

In the fall of 1944, four African-American soldiers find themselves caught behind enemy lines and surrounded by German soldiers. They take refuge in a small Italian village that has been temporarily vacated by the Germans. In their company in a small boy, obviously shell-shocked and feverish, who seems only to speak to his invisible friend Arturo. Tensions rise among the four men not only because of their life-threatening situation but also because two of them become rivals for the attention of an attractive young woman. When they manage to make contact with their unit, they are told to capture a German soldier for questioning and with the aid of the Italian partisans, have a candidate. What they don't realize is that there is a traitor in the partisan group, one that will have major repercussion on one of the men 40 years later. Written by garykmcd

In New York, the elder employee of the post-office, Hector Negron, goes on a rampage killing a client by shooting him with a Luger. The rookie reporter of the Daily News, Tim Boyle, follows the detectives that are investigating the case. They find the valuable head of the statue Primavera in his wardrobe. Tim decides to interview the catatonic Hector. Out of the blue, he starts talking about the 92nd Division "Buffalo Soldiers" in Tuscan, Italy, in World War II. Hector and three other soldiers - 2nd Staff Sergeant Aubrey Stamps, Sergeant Bishop Cummings and the slow Private First Class Sam Train - cross a river. However his company is destroyed by the German soldiers. While trapped in a village, Train rescues the eight year-old boy, Angelo Torancelli, who survived a massacre in St. Anna village, and they become connected to each other. As times go on, the platoon interacts with the villagers and Hector discloses a story of prejudice and betrayal in times of war. Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Jay-Z on Chris Brown

Notable/Quotable: Jay-Z on Chris Brown

"If I have a problem with Chris Brown, I got a problem with Chris Brown. I don't agree with what he did and that's that. ... We're all flawed human beings. All a person can do is apologize. That's it, what can we say? You know everyone should be allowed to make mistakes. It happens."

-- Hip-hop kingpin Jay-Z regarding Chris Brown's videotaped apology about assaulting Rihanna. (BBC Radio 1).

As a man, I do not accept any excuse for a male hitting a woman. I am tired of hearing females and males who want to find some kind of justification for Chris Brown or any man hitting and/or beating up on women. It is just not right.
Just because some of us may live in environments where spousal abuse & domestic violence seems normal, that does not mean that it is right nor should we tolerate it.
The same way some would like to see Mike Vick punished for the rest of his life & never to return to livelihood (Pro Foot Ball) after it was found that he mistreated, abused, and killed dogs, why do so many not see what Chris Brown did to Rihanna as worse? Rihanna after all is human!

Whitney Houston: Through the Years

Whitney Houston: Through the Years

After three years in the studio, Whitney Houston will release her sixth studio album, 'I Look to You,' on Aug. 31. Already being streamed online, the album is creating award buzz and could be the makings of a strong comeback for the six-time Grammy-winner. So could a much-anticipated appearance on the upcoming season premiere of The Oprah Winfrey Show, when Houston will give her first interview in nearly seven years. The show will air on Monday, Sept. 14.

Since releasing her 1985 self-titled debut, the chart-topping diva's life in the spotlight has created plenty of sensational tabloid fodder. However, Black Voices decided this is the perfect time to remind fans of how she got to this point on the road of success. What follows are our favorite facts and trivia about the woman born Whitney Elizabeth Houston.

IN THE BEGINNING

-- Her mother, gospel singer Cissy Houston, was a successful background vocalist for both Elvis Presley and Aretha Franklin.

-- As a teenager, Houston spent her free time as a model and became one of the first African American women to grace the cover of Seventeen magazine.

-- A duet with Teddy Pendergrass on his R&B hit 'Hold Me' prevented Houston from being eligible to win a best new artist at the 1984 Grammy Awards.

-- The Newark, N.J., native became the first female recording artist to enter the Billboard 200 album chart at number one with her sophomore release, 'Whitney,' in 1987.

-- Houston is the only artist to chart seven consecutive number-one Billboard Hot 100 hits and seven consecutive multiplatinum albums. BRANCHING OUT IN THE 1990s

-- Her rendition of 'The Star Spangled Banner' at Super Bowl XXV in 1991 remains the only version of the national anthem to become a Top 20 pop hit. Houston graciously donated her share of the proceeds from the single to the Red Cross.

-- She dated one of Hollywood's top actors, Eddie Murphy, before tying the knot with New Edition singer Bobby Brown in 1992.

-- She has appeared on three motion picture soundtracks in the 1990s ('The Bodyguard,' 'Waiting to Exhale' and 'The Preacher's Wife) and also starred in all three films.

-- Her cover of Dolly Parton's 'I Will Always Love You' in from 'The Bodyguard' soundtrack 1992 became the biggest-selling commercial single in history and took home Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards.

-- She sang background vocals on Chaka Khan's hit single 'I'm Ever Woman' when she was only 15 years old and later remade the song for 'The Bodyguard' soundtrack. In the music video for the track, in which Khan made a cameo, Houston was pregnant with daughter Bobbi Kristina.

-- In 1993 and 1994, 'The Bodyguard' star made the Forbes list of highest-earning female entertainers, behind Oprah Winfrey and Barbara Streisand.

HOORAY FOR HOLLYWOOD

-- Sure, Halle Berry earned a Golden Globe for her portrayal as Dorothy Dandridge in the made-for-television movie 'Introducing Dorothy Dandridge,' but at one time, Houston was rumored to have obtained the rights to Dandridge's story. After Berry's version was released, Houston scrapped her movie making plans.

-- Houston was scheduled to perform 'Over the Rainbow' at the 2000 Academy Awards, but the show's musical director, and her longtime friend, Burt Bacharach fired her. Her voice was said to have been shaky, and rumors surfaced that she was jittery and distracted at rehearsals.

THE NEW MILLENNIUM

-- The 2002 'Just Whitney' album remains the first and only studio album in which Houston's mentor, Clive Davis, did not serve as a producer. Instead, Houston's ex-husband, Bobby Brown, helped produce some of the new material.

-- Houston has been romantically linked to actor-singer Ray J. He is nearly 20 years her junior.

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Woman kidnapped as child resurfaces 18 years later

PLACERVILLE, Calif. – Joyous, miraculous news that a little girl kidnapped nearly two decades ago was found alive gave way Thursday to the horrifying details of how police say she has lived all those years: Kept by a convicted rapist in his backyard as a sex slave and forced to bear two of his children.

Jaycee Lee Dugard, who was 11 in 1991 when she was snatched from her school bus stop, was locked away from the outside world behind a series of fences, sheds and tents in the back of a suburban home.

Her abductor, investigators said, raped her for years and fathered two children with her, the first when Jaycee was about 14. Those children, both girls now 11 and 15, also were kept hidden away in the backyard compound.

"None of the children have ever been to school, they've never been to a doctor," El Dorado County Undersheriff Fred Kollar said. "They were kept in complete isolation in this compound."

Dugard, now 29, was reunited Thursday with her mother, but the meeting was tempered with sadness as the family learned their smiling, blue-eyed, blonde ponytailed little girl had spent most of her life as a virtual slave.

"She was in good health, but living in a backyard for the past 18 years does take its toll," Kollar said.

The backyard compound had electricity from extension cords and a rudimentary outhouse and shower, "as if you were camping," Kollar said.

Convicted sex offender Phillip Garrido, 58, was charged with various kidnapping and sex charges. His wife was also arrested, and authorities said she was with Garrido during the kidnapping in South Lake Tahoe.

Garrido was on lifetime parole, and his arrest raises questions about how closely parolees are monitored. But Kollar said a visitor to Garrido's house would not notice anything was amiss — the compound was well concealed by shrubs, garbage cans and a tarp.

Authorities said they do not know if Garrido also abused his daughters, but they are investigating.

The case broke after Garrido was spotted Tuesday with two children as he tried to enter the University of California, Berkeley, campus to hand out religious literature. The officers said he was acting suspiciously toward the children. They questioned him and did a background check, determining he was a parolee, and informed his parole officer.

Garrido was ordered to appear for a parole meeting and arrived Wednesday with Dugard, his wife and two children. During questioning, corrections officials said he admitted kidnapping Dugard. It was not known if he had a lawyer.

Dugard's stepfather, who witnessed her abduction and was a longtime suspect in the case, said he was overwhelmed by the news after doing everything he could to help find her.

"It broke my marriage up. I've gone through hell, I mean I'm a suspect up until yesterday," a tearful Carl Probyn, 60, told The Associated Press at his home in Orange, Calif.

Garrido's compound was located in Antioch, a city of 100,000 about 170 miles from her family's home in South Lake Tahoe. The house was cordoned off with police tape as it was searched by FBI agents and the El Dorado County Sheriff's Department.

People who knew Garrido said he became increasingly fanatic about his religious beliefs in recent years, sometimes breaking out into song and claiming that God spoke to him through a box.

"In the last couple years he started getting into this strange religious stuff. We kind of felt sorry for him," said Tim Allen, president of East County Glass and Window Inc. in Pittsburgh, who bought business cards and letterhead from Garrido's printing business for the last decade. Three times in recent years, Garrido arrived at Allen's showroom with two "cute little blond girls" in tow, he said.

In April 2008, Garrido registered a corporation called Gods Desire at his home address, according the California Secretary of State. During recent visits to the showroom, Garrido would talk about quitting the printing business to preach full time and gave the impression he was setting up a church, Allen said.

"He rambled. It made no sense," he said.

Garrido would talk about holding events at UC Berkeley and mentioned the names of important people as if he knew them. Allen said he had no inkling of Garrido's criminal record.

"We never thought anything bad about the guy," Allen said. "He was just kind of nutty."

In addition to kidnapping charges, Phillip Garrido is being held for investigation of rape by force, lewd and lascivious acts with a minor and sexual penetration, said Jimmie Lee, a spokesman for the Contra Costa Sheriff's Department. His, Nancy Garrido, 54, was arrested on kidnapping charges.

The Associated Press as a matter of policy avoids identifying victims of alleged sexual abuse by name in its news reports. However, Dugard's disappearance had been known and reported for nearly two decades, making impossible any effort to shield her identity now.

Garrido has a long rap sheet dating back to the 1970s.

He has a conviction for rape by force or fear and was paroled from a Nevada state prison in 1988, according to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

In 1991, police believe he was trolling for victims in South Lake Tahoe in a Ford Granada and snatched Dugard from a bus stop outside her home. The case attracted national attention and was featured on TV's "America's Most Wanted," which broadcast a composite drawing of a suspect seen in the car.

Her stepfather said he saw someone reach out and grab her before the car sped away.

"As soon as I saw the door fly open, the driver's door, I jumped on my mountain bike and I tried to get to the top of the hill but I had no energy," Probyn recalled. "I rode back down and yelled at my neighbor, 911!"

Probyn said his wife, from whom he is separated, was devastated by the kidnapping. He said for 10 years after the crime, she would take a week off work at Christmas and on the anniversary of the abduction and spend the time crying at home.

Probyn eventually lost hope that he would ever see his stepdaughter alive. He said he was struggling to understand why Dugard didn't come forward earlier.

"I don't know if she was brainwashed, I don't know if she was walking around on the street, I don't know if she was locked up under key for 18 years, I have no idea."

The mother and daughter met Thursday morning at an area hotel. Dugard retains custody of her children, authorities said.

At the Lake Tahoe Unified School District, employees huddled around television sets and computers to watch the news conference. Their tears of joy that Jaycee was alive became tears of horror and anger when details of her abduction and long captivity were recounted by police.

"Oh my God," murmured Superintendent James Tarwater.

Resident Angie Keil said the Lake Tahoe community rallied around the family, holding candlelight vigils, and in the early days organizing searches.

"Jaycee has always been in our minds, all these years," she said, her eyes moist with tears.

Ted Kennedy Dies

of

Brain Cancer at Age 77

'Liberal Lion' of the Senate Led Storied Political Family After Deaths of President John F. Kennedy, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy

Sen. Ted Kennedy died shortly before midnight Tuesday at his home in Hyannis Port, Mass., at age 77.

The man known as the "liberal lion of the Senate" had fought a more than year-long battle with brain cancer, and according to his son had lived longer with the disease than his doctors expected him to.

"We've lost the irreplaceable center of our family and joyous light in our lives, but the inspiration of his faith, optimism, and perseverance will live on in our hearts forever," the Kennedy family said in a statement. "He loved this country and devoted his life to serving it."

Sen. Edward Moore Kennedy, the youngest Kennedy brother who was left to head the family's political dynasty after his brothers President John F. Kennedy and Sen. Robert F. Kennedy were assassinated.

Kennedy championed health care reform, working wages and equal rights in his storied career. In August, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom -- the nation's highest civilian honor -- by President Obama. His daughter, Kara Kennedy, accepted the award on his behalf.

Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, known as Ted or Teddy, was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor in May 2008 and underwent a successful brain surgery soon after that. But his health continued to deteriorate, and Kennedy suffered a seizure while attending the luncheon following President Barack Obama's inauguration.

For Kennedy, the ascension of Obama was an important step toward realizing his goal of health care reform.

At the Democratic National Convention in August 2008, the Massachusetts Democrat promised, "I pledge to you that I will be there next January on the floor of the United States Senate when we begin the great test."

Sen. Kennedy made good on that pledge, but ultimately lost his battle with cancer.

Kennedy was first elected to the Senate in 1962, at the age of 30, and his tenure there would span four decades.

A hardworking, well-liked politician who became the standard-bearer of his brothers' liberal causes, his career was clouded by allegations of personal immorality and accusations that his family's clout helped him avoid the consequences of an accident that left a young woman dead.

But for the younger members of the Kennedy clan, from his own three children to those of his brothers JFK and RFK, Ted Kennedy -- once seen as the youngest and least talented in a family of glamorous overachievers -- was both a surrogate father and the center of the family.

And certainly it was Ted Kennedy who bore many of the tragedies of the family -- the violent deaths of four of his siblings, his son's battle with cancer, and the death of his nephew John F. Kennedy Jr. in a plane crash.

Kennedy, Youngest Kennedy Brother, Led Political Dynasty in Wake of Tragedy

Edward Moore Kennedy was born in Brookline, Mass., on Feb. 22, 1932, the ninth and youngest child of Joseph P. Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy.

In this file photo, U.S. Sen. Edward Kennedy, D-Mass., waves to the crowd during day one of the...

In this file photo, U.S. Sen. Edward Kennedy, D-Mass., waves to the crowd during day one of the Democratic National Convention (DNC) at the Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado. Kennedy was rushed to the hospital after having convulsions during Barack Obama's inaugural luncheon.

(Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)

His father, a third-generation Irish-American who became a multimillionaire businessman and served for a time as a U.S. ambassador to Britain, had risen high and was determined that his sons would rise higher still.

Overshadowed by his elder siblings, Teddy, as he was known to family and friends, grew up mostly in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, N.Y., and attended private boarding schools. He was expelled from Harvard during his freshman year after he asked a friend to take an exam for him.

After a two-year stint in the Army, Kennedy returned to earn degrees at Harvard and then the University of Virginia law school. He married Virginia Joan Bennett, known by her middle name, in 1958. The couple would have three children, Kara, Teddy Jr. and Patrick.

By the time he reached adulthood, tragedy had already claimed some of his siblings: eldest brother Joe Jr. was killed in World War II, sister Kathleen died in a plane crash, and another sister, Rosemary, who was mildly retarded, had to be institutionalized following a botched lobotomy.

But then the family hit its pinnacle in 1960, when John F. Kennedy became president.

His brother's ascension created a political opportunity, and Joe Kennedy decided he should take over JFK's Senate seat. Ted Kennedy was only 28 at the time -- two years short of the required age -- so a family friend was found to hold the temporary appointment.

In 1962, Ted Kennedy -- backed by his family money and the enthusiasm his name generated among Massachusetts' Catholics, was elected to the Senate.

The Only One Left

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. His brother Robert became the focus of the family's -- and much of the country's -- dreams.

Following the tragedy in Dallas, Robert and Ted Kennedy became closer than they had ever been as children.

"When I was working for Robert Kennedy, there was hardly a day in which the two of them didn't physically get together, I would say at least three or four times," said Frank Mankiewicz, who served as an aide to Robert Kennedy. "I mean, if, if Sen. Robert Kennedy wasn't in his office, and nobody knew where he was, chances are he was seeing Ted about something."

Five years later, while pursuing the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968 against Lyndon Johnson, Sen. Bobby Kennedy was shot and killed. That left Ted as the only surviving Kennedy son.

"He seriously contemplated getting out of politics after Robert's death," said Kennedy biographer Adam Clymer. "He thought, you know, it might just be too much. He might be too obviously the next target and all of that. But he decided to stick it out and as he said on more than one occasion, pick up a fallen standard."

Kennedy was seen by many as his brothers' heir, and perhaps he could have won the White House had he stepped into the presidential race then. But he didn't. And the very next year there occurred a tragedy that would forever block Ted Kennedy's presidential ambitions.

In July 1969, following a party on Martha's Vineyard, Kennedy drove off a bridge on the tiny Massachusetts island of Chappaquiddick. The car plunged into the water. Kennedy escaped, but his passenger did not.

Kennedy later said he dived into the water repeatedly in a vain attempt to save Mary Jo Kopechne, one of the "boiler room girls" who had worked on Bobby Kennedy's campaign. But Kopechne, 28, drowned, still trapped in the car.

Questions arose about how Kennedy had known Kopechne -- he denied any "private relationship," and Kopechne's parents also insisted there was no relationship -- and why he failed to report the accident for about nine hours.

Kennedy pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of leaving the scene of an accident. He received a two-month suspended sentence and lost his driver's license for a year, but the political price was higher.

Kennedy was re-elected to the Senate in 1970, but the accident at Chappaquiddick effectively squashed his presidential hopes.

He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination in 1979 against incumbent President Jimmy Carter.

Once when his daughter Kara, then 19, was passing out campaign leaflets, a man took one and said to her, "You know your father killed a young woman about your age, don't you?"

Kennedy Curse: Political Power, Personal Tragedy

Sen. Ted Kennedy was not done confronting personal tragedy.

In 1973, 12-year-old Teddy Jr. was diagnosed with bone cancer, and he had to have a leg amputated. Kennedy's marriage to Joan deteriorated. Some blamed her drinking, others cited his alleged womanizing. The couple divorced in 1981.

In contrast, Kennedy's career in the Senate continued to flourish.

He supported teachers' unions, women's and abortion rights, and health care reform. He sponsored the Family and Medical Leave Act. And he was seen as a stalwart of the Democratic Party, delivering several rousing speeches at conventions.

Former Boston Glober reporter Tom Oliphant, who covered Kennedy's career in Washington, observed, "It's not all back slapping and, and personal relationships. I think one of the things that sets Kennedy's politics apart is his, what I call his dirty little secret. He works like a dog."

Political analyst Mark Shields said Kennedy's "concerns were national concerns, but his forum for achieving his ends and changing policy, became the Senate. And he mastered it like nobody else I've ever seen."

But another family incident exposed Kennedy's vulnerabilities and held him up to public censure.

A nephew, William Kennedy Smith, was accused of raping a woman at the family's estate in Palm Beach, Fla. The case generated lurid headlines around the world. Kennedy was at the estate at the time of the alleged attack and had been at the bar where Smith met his accuser.

Eyebrows were raised even further when a young woman who had been with Kennedy's son Patrick that night revealed that she had seen the senator roaming around the house at night, wearing an oxford shirt but no trousers.

Smith was acquitted following a highly sensational trial, but the incident definitely left a dent in Kennedy's armor. His alleged heavy drinking and womanizing were widely lampooned, and in October 1991 he thought it prudent to be low-key in his opposition to Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, who had been accused of sexually harassing a former subordinate.

Kennedy's life, both professional and personal, took a turn for the better in 1992.

He married Victoria Reggie, a divorced attorney with two children from a previous marriage, Curran and Caroline. That year Kennedy also supported Bill Clinton, an open admirer of the Kennedy clan.

"Well, sometime during our courtship, I realized that I didn't want to live the rest of my life without Vicki," Kennedy said about his wife of nearly 30 years. "And since we have been together, it's made my life a lot more fulfilling. I think more serene, kind of emotional stability."

Elected in 1992, President Bill Clinton appointed Kennedy's sister, Jean Kennedy Smith, ambassador to Ireland. And in 1994, Kennedy had the satisfaction of seeing his son Patrick elected to the House of Representatives from Rhode Island.

But tragedy returned that year.

In May 1994, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis died of cancer. Kennedy had remained close to his sister-in-law, who once quit her job at a publisher's after it came out with an unflattering biography of Ted.

Kennedy's Battle With Cancer Lost

Kennedy had served as a surrogate father for many of his nephews and nieces, but he may have been closest to Jackie's children, Caroline and John F. Kennedy Jr.

He was horrified when in July 1999, five years after Jackie's death, John Jr. and his bride of two years, Carolyn Bessette Kennedy, along with her sister Lauren Bessette, were killed when the small plane John was piloting crashed off the Massachusetts island of Martha's Vineyard.

Sen. Kennedy led the family during the harrowing wait for information as Coast Guard crews searched for the missing plane.

When the bodies were retrieved from the ocean, Kennedy and his two sons went to identify the remains. The senator's eulogy for his nephew who "had every gift but length of years" and "the wife who became his perfect soul mate" touched grief-stricken Americans.

It was an all-too-familiar sight for those who remember Ted Kennedy mourning the deaths of his brothers John and Robert, and helping the family bear up after the deaths of Robert's sons David and Michael.

For decades, it was Ted Kennedy who carried the burden and led the way as the patriarch of a family seen as America's answer to royalty.

L.A. County Coroner rules Michael Jackson's Death a Homicide

CNN) -- The Los Angeles coroner has concluded preliminarily that singer Michael Jackson died of an overdose of propofol, a powerful sedative he was given to help him sleep, according to court documents released Monday.

A search warrant filed in court showed toxicology reports found propofol in Michael Jackson's body.

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Los Angeles' coroner Dr. Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran reached that preliminary conclusion after reviewing toxicology results carried out on Jackson's blood, according to a search warrant and affidavit unsealed in Houston, Texas.

The affidavit outlines probable cause for search warrants of the offices of doctors who are believed to have treated Jackson.

The Associated Press is quoting a single law enforcement official, who says the L.A. County Coroner has ruled Michael Jackson's death a homicide. The Los Angeles County Coroner's office told CNN they had "no comment" on the report. An LAPD spokesman says the story did not come from their department.

The 32-page warrant said Dr. Conrad Murray, Jackson's personal physician, told a detective that he had been treating Jackson for insomnia for six weeks. Murray said each night he gave Jackson 50 mg of propofol, also known as Diprivan, diluted with the anesthetic lidocaine via an intravenous drip.

Worried that Jackson may have been becoming addicted to the drug, the Houston cardiologist said he attempted to wean him from it, putting together combinations of other drugs that succeeded in helping Jackson sleep during the two nights prior to his death.

But on June 25, other drugs failed to do the job, as he recounted to detectives in an hour-by-hour account that was detailed by detective Orlando Martinez of the Los Angeles Police Department:

-- At about 1:30 a.m., Murray gave Jackson 10 mg of Valium.

-- At about 2 a.m., he injected Jackson with 2 mg of the anti-anxiety drug Ativan.

-- At about 3 a.m., Murray then administered 2 mg of the sedative Versed.

-- At about 5 a.m., he administered another 2 mg of Ativan.

-- At about 7:30 a.m., Murray gave Jackson yet another 2 mg of Versed while monitoring him with a device that measured the oxygen saturation of a his blood.

-- At about 10:40 a.m., "after repeated demands/requests from Jackson," Murray administered 25 mg of propofol, the document said.

"Jackson finally went to sleep and Murray stated that he remained monitoring him. After approximately 10 minutes, Murray stated he left Jackson's side to go to the restroom and relieve himself. Murray stated he was out of the room for about two minutes maximum. Upon his return, Murray noticed that Jackson was no longer breathing," the affidavit said.

Efforts at CPR proved fruitless.

According to the warrant and affidavit, Murray said he was not the first doctor to give Jackson the powerful anesthetic, which the singer called his "milk." The drug has a milky appearance.

The document also cited reports from staff at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, where Jackson's body was taken, who said Murray "admitted" to having given Jackson flumazenil to counteract the Ativan.

The document listed another five doctors and a nurse practitioner who were said to have treated Jackson.

"Detectives ... believe that the miscellaneous prescriptions, from multiple doctors ... could have contributed to his death," the document said.

It added that "it cannot be determined whether the cause of death is due to the actions of a single night and/or a single doctor, or the grossly negligent treatment of several doctors over an extended period of time."

Propofol is administered intravenously in operating rooms as a general anesthetic, the manufacturer AstraZeneca told CNN.

The drug works as a depressant on the central nervous system.

"It works on your brain," said Dr. Zeev Kain, the chair of the anesthesiology department at the University of California, Irvine. "It basically puts the entire brain to sleep."

However, once the infusion is stopped, the patient wakes up almost immediately.

"So if you're going to do this, you'd have to have somebody right there giving you the medication and monitoring you continuously," Kain said.

Dr. Hector Vila, chairman of the Ambulatory Surgery Committee for the American Society of Anesthesiologists, said he administers the drug during office procedures such as urology, dentistry and gynecology. It is also the most common anesthetic for colonoscopies, he said.

Michael Jackson According to AffidavitDied from Lethal Levels of Propofol-

Jackson Died from Lethal Levels of Propofol

Posted Aug 24th 2009 3:45PM by TMZ Staff

Michael Jackson had lethal levels of Propofol in his system when he died, this according to a search warrant affidavit filed in Houston.

Dr. Conrad Murray told cops he had been treating Jackson for 6 weeks for insomnia -- giving him 50 milligrams of Propofol every night through an IV.

Murray told cops he feared Jackson was getting addicted so he reduced the dosage to 25 mg.

The morning Jackson died, Dr. Murray gave Jackson valium at 1:30 AM. Murray said the valium didn't work so he gave the singer an IV injection of lorazepam -- an anti-anxiety drug. Murray told cops Jackson was still awake, so he then gave him midazolam -- a sedative.

Murray gave Jackson more drugs. He says at 10:40 AM, he administered 25 mg of Propofol. Dr. Murray told cops Jackson repeatedly demanded the drug.

As we first reported, cops found 8 bottles of Propofol in Jackson's house after he died, but they do not know where it was purchased.

Cops also found Valium, Tamsulosin, Lorazepam, Temazepam, Clonazepam, Trazodone and Tizanidine, along with the Propofol.

The various drugs were prescribed by Dr. Murray, Dr. Arnold Klein and Dr. Allan Metzger.

Dr. Murray reportedly told cops 10 minutes after administering Propofol ... he "left Jackson's side to go to the restroom and relieve himself. Murray stated he was out of the room for about 2 minutes maximum. Upon his return, Murray noticed that Jackson was no longer breathing."

Dr. Murray says he began CPR and at some point ran downstairs and asked the chef to send up Prince Jackson, the eldest son, then Murray continued performing CPR.

Dr. Murray says he noticed that Jackson wasn't breathing at around 11 AM. He was then on the cell phone for 47 minutes with 3 separate calls, from 11:18 to 12:05. The 911 call came in at 12:21 PM .... a much longer delay than originally reported.

Dr. Murray told cops other docs had administered Propofol to Jackson, including Las Vegas Dr. David Adams. Dr. Murray said he was at a cosmetologist's office where Dr. Adams gave Jackson Propofol.

Interestingly, according to the warrant, Dr. Murray refused to sign the death certificate at the UCLA Medical Center.

Malcolm X

Malcolm X

Birth name: Malcolm Little
Nickname: (early years) Detroit Red, Big Red
Name change: Malcolm X; El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz
Birth date: May 19, 1925
Birth place: University Hospital in Omaha, Nebraska
Death date: February 21, 1965
Death place: The Audubon Ballroom in New York
Burial location: Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York
Parents: Earl Little and Louise (Norton) Little
Siblings: (in order of birth) Ella, Earl and Mary (half-siblings from Earl's previous marriage); Wilfred, Hilda, Philbert, Reginald and Yvonne
Married: Betty (Sanders) X; on January 14, 1958
Children: Attallah, Qubilah, Ilyasah, Gamilah, Malaak and Malikah
Hair color: Reddish brown
Eye color: Brown
Elementary school: Pleasant Grove Elementary School in East Lansing, Michigan
Occupation: Civil rights activist
Nationality: American
Religion: Islam
Famous tagline/quote: "By any means necessary."

BIOGRAPHY

Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louise Norton Little, was a homemaker occupied with the family's eight children. His father, Earl Little, was an outspoken Baptist minister and avid supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Earl's civil rights activism prompted death threats from the white supremacist organization Black Legion, forcing the family to relocate twice before Malcolm's fourth birthday.

"When my mother was pregnant with me, she told me later, a party of hooded Klu Klux Klan riders galloped up to our home... Brandishing their shotguns and rifles, they shouted for my father to come out."

Regardless of the Little's efforts to elude the Legion, in 1929 their Lansing, Michigan home was burned to the ground. Two years later, Earl's body was found lying across the town's trolley tracks. Police ruled both incidents as accidents, but the Little's were certain that members of the Black Legion were responsible. Louise suffered emotional breakdown several years after the death of her husband and was committed to a mental institution. Her children were split up amongst various foster homes and orphanages.

Growing up

Malcolm was a smart, focused student. He graduated from junior high at the top of his class. However, when a favorite teacher told Malcolm his dream of becoming a lawyer was "no realistic goal for a nigger," Malcolm lost interest in school. He dropped out, spent some time in Boston, Massachusetts working various odd jobs, and then traveled to Harlem, New York where he committed petty crimes. By 1942 Malcolm was coordinating various narcotics, prostitution and gambling rings.

"...Early in life, I had learned that if you want something, you had better make some noise."

Eventually Malcolm and his buddy, Malcolm "Shorty" Jarvis, moved back to Boston. In 1946 they were arrested and convicted on burglary charges, and Malcolm was sentenced to 10 years in prison. (He was paroled after serving seven years.) Recalling his days in school, he used the time to further his education. It was during this period of self-enlightenment that Malcolm's brother Reginald would visit and discuss his recent conversion to the Muslim religion. Reginald belonged to the religious organization the Nation of Islam (NOI).
Intrigued, Malcolm began to study the teachings of NOI leader Elijah Muhammad. Muhammad taught that white society actively worked to keep African-Americans from empowering themselves and achieving political, economic and social success. Among other goals, the NOI fought for a state of their own, separate from one inhabited by white people. By the time he was paroled in 1952, Malcolm was a devoted follower with the new surname "X." (He considered "Little" a slave name and chose the "X" to signify his lost tribal name.)

A born leader

Intelligent and articulate, Malcolm was appointed as a minister and national spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Elijah Muhammad also charged him with establishing new mosques in cities such as Detroit, Michigan and Harlem, New York. Malcolm utilized newspaper columns, as well as radio and television to communicate the NOI's message across the United States. His charisma, drive and conviction attracted an astounding number of new members. Malcolm was largely credited with increasing membership in the NOI from 500 in 1952 to 30,000 in 1963.
The crowds and controversy surrounding Malcolm made him a media magnet. He was featured in a week-long television special with Mike Wallace in 1959, called "The Hate That Hate Produced." The program explored the fundamentals of the NOI, and tracked Malcolm's emergence as one of its most important leaders. After the special, Malcolm was faced with the uncomfortable reality that his fame had eclipsed that of his mentor Elijah Muhammad.
Racial tensions ran increasingly high during the early 1960s. In addition to the media, Malcolm's vivid personality had captured the government's attention. As membership in the NOI continued to grow, FBI agents infiltrated the organization (one even acted as Malcolm's bodyguard) and secretly placed bugs, wiretaps, cameras and other surveillance equipment to monitor the group's activities.

A test of faith

Malcolm's faith was dealt a crushing blow at the height of the civil rights movement in 1963. He learned that his mentor and leader, Elijah Muhammad, was secretly having relations with as many as six women within the Nation of Islam organization. As if that were not enough, Malcolm found out that some of these relationships had resulted in children.

"I am not educated, nor am I an expert in any particular field... but I am sincere and my sincerity is my credential."

Since joining the NOI, Malcolm had strictly adhered to the teachings of Muhammad - which included remaining celibate until his marriage to Betty Shabazz in 1958. Malcolm refused Muhammad's request to help cover up the affairs and subsequent children. He was deeply hurt by the deception of Muhammad, whom he had considered a living prophet. Malcolm also felt guilty about the masses he had led to join the NOI, which he now felt was a fraudulent organization built on too many lies to ignore.
Shortly after his shocking discovery, Malcolm received criticism for a comment he made regarding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. "[Kennedy] never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon," said Malcolm. After the statement, Elijah Muhammad "silenced" Malcolm for 90 days. Malcolm, however, suspected he was silenced for another reason. In March 1964 Malcolm terminated his relationship with the NOI. Unable to look past Muhammad's deception, Malcolm decided to found his own religious organization, the Muslim Mosque, Inc.

A new awakening

That same year, Malcolm went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The trip proved life altering. For the first time, Malcolm shared his thoughts and beliefs with different cultures, and found the response to be overwhelmingly positive. When he returned, Malcolm said he had met "blonde-haired, blued-eyed men I could call my brothers." He returned to the United States with a new outlook on integration and a new hope for the future. This time when Malcolm spoke, instead of just preaching to African-Americans, he had a message for all races.

"Human rights are something you were born with. Human rights are your God-given rights. Human rights are the rights that are recognized by all nations of this earth."

After Malcolm resigned his position in the Nation of Islam and renounced Elijah Muhammad, relations between the two had become increasingly volatile. FBI informants working undercover in the NOI warned officials that Malcolm had been marked for assassination. (One undercover officer had even been ordered to help plant a bomb in Malcolm's car).
After repeated attempts on his life, Malcolm rarely traveled anywhere without bodyguards. On February 14, 1965 the home where Malcolm, Betty and their four daughters lived in East Elmhurst, New York was firebombed. Luckily, the family escaped physical injury.

The legacy of "X"

One week later, however, Malcolm's enemies were successful in their ruthless attempt. At a speaking engagement in the Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom on February 21, 1965 three gunmen rushed Malcolm onstage. They shot him 15 times at close range. The 39-year-old was pronounced dead on arrival at New York's Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.

"Power in defense of freedom is greater than power in behalf of tyranny and oppression, because power, real power, comes from our conviction which produces action, uncompromising action."

Fifteen hundred people attended Malcolm's funeral in Harlem on February 27, 1965 at the Faith Temple Church of God in Christ (now Child's Memorial Temple Church of God in Christ). After the ceremony, friends took the shovels away from the waiting gravediggers and buried Malcolm themselves.
Later that year, Betty gave birth to their twin daughters.
Malcolm's assassins, Talmadge Hayer, Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson were convicted of first-degree murder in March 1966. The three men were all members of the Nation of Islam.
The legacy of Malcolm X has moved through generations as the subject of numerous documentaries, books and movies. A tremendous resurgence of interest occurred in 1992 when director Spike Lee released the acclaimed movie, Malcolm X. The film received Oscar nominations for Best Actor (Denzel Washington) and Best Costume Design.
Malcolm X is buried at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.

QUOTES FROM ARTICLES AND SPEECHES

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_MOlA6Ud1yMq_M&tbnid=3z4kGpZwJdpJjM:&ved=0CAMQjhw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Faudiotape-malcolm-x-1961-speech-brown-university-surfaces-article-1.1017672&ei=vZEOUa_JEMWx0QHjkIGoCg&bvm=bv.41867550,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFwDa5HA6hm8SBWuwQEsD0ROqxjgQ&ust=1359995403840321

"When a person places the proper value on freedom, there is nothing under the sun that he will not do to acquire that freedom. Whenever you hear a man saying he wants freedom, but in the next breath he is going to tell you what he won't do to get it, or what he doesn't believe in doing in order to get it, he doesn't believe in freedom. A man who believes in freedom will do anything under the sun to acquire . . . or preserve his freedom."

"The common goal of 22 million Afro-Americans is respect as human beings, the God-given right to be a human being. Our common goal is to obtain the human rights that America has been denying us. We can never get civil rights in America until our human rights are first restored. We will never be recognized as citizens there until we are first recognized as humans."
-- "Racism: the Cancer that is Destroying America," in Egyptian Gazette (Aug. 25 1964).

"You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom."
-- "Prospects for Freedom in 1965," speech, Jan. 7 1965, New York City (published in Malcolm X Speaks, ch. 12, 1965).

"The Negro revolution is controlled by foxy white liberals, by the Government itself. But the Black Revolution is controlled only by God."
-- Speech, Dec. 1, 1963, New York City.

"I believe in the brotherhood of man, all men, but I don't believe in brotherhood with anybody who doesn't want brotherhood with me. I believe in treating people right, but I'm not going to waste my time trying to treat somebody right who doesn't know how to return the treatment."
-- Speech, Dec. 12 1964, New York City.

"There is nothing in our book, the Koran, that teaches us to suffer peacefully. Our religion teaches us to be intelligent. Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery. That's a good religion."
-- "Message to the Grass Roots," speech, Nov. 1963, Detroit (published in Malcolm X Speaks, ch. 1, 1965).

"It's just like when you've got some coffee that's too black, which means it's too strong. What do you do? You integrate it with cream, you make it weak. But if you pour too much cream in it, you won't even know you ever had coffee. It used to be hot, it becomes cool. It used to be strong, it becomes weak. It used to wake you up, now it puts you to sleep."
-- "Message to the Grass Roots," speech, Nov. 1963, Detroit (published in Malcolm X Speaks, ch. 1, 1965).

"Sitting at the table doesn't make you a diner. You must be eating some of what's on that plate. Being here in America doesn't make you an American. Being born here in America doesn't make you an American."
-- "The Ballot or the Bullet," speech, April 3 1964, Cleveland, Ohio (published in Malcolm X Speaks, ch. 3, 1965).

"If violence is wrong in America, violence is wrong abroad. If it is wrong to be violent defending black women and black children and black babies and black men, then it is wrong for America to draft us, and make us violent abroad in defense of her. And if it is right for America to draft us, and teach us how to be violent in defense of her, then it is right for you and me to do whatever is necessary to defend our own people right here in this country."
-- Speech, Nov. 1963, New York City.

CHRONOLOGY

May 19, 1925 Malcolm Little is born in Omaha, NE.
1929 The family's Lansing, MI, home is burned to the ground.
1931 Malcolm's father is found dead on the town's trolley tracks.
1946 Malcolm is sentenced to 8-10 years for armed robbery; serves 6 years at Charlestown, MA State Prison.
1948-49 Converts to the Nation of Islam while in prison.
1953 Changes name from Malcolm Little to Malcolm X and becomes Assistant Minister of Nation of Islam's Detroit Temple.
1954 Promoted to Minister of Nation of Islam's New York Temple.
1958 Marries Sister Betty X in Lansing, Michigan.
1959 Travels to Middle East and Africa.
1963 Nation of Islam orders Malcolm X to be silent, allegedly because of remarks concerning President Kennedy's assassination.
March, 1964 Malcolm X leaves the Nation of Islam and starts his new organization, Muslim Mosque, Inc.
April, 1964 Travels to Middle East and Africa.
May, 1964 Starts the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), a secular political group.
February 14, 1965 Malcolm X's home is firebombed.

February 21, 1965 Malcolm X is assassinated as he begins speaking at the Audubon Ballroom, New York.

QUOTES ABOUT MALCOLM X

"Have I gotten any threats? All I get is threats. I get at least six or seven a day."
-- Betty Shabazz, in an interview shortly before Malcolm's murder
"...I always had a deep affection for Malcolm and felt that he had a great ability to put his finger on the existence and the root of the problem. He was an eloquent spokesman for his point of view and no one can honestly doubt that Malcolm had a great concern for the problems we face as a race."
-- Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in a telegram to Betty Shabazz after the murder of Malcolm X
"The black student group I was in wrote him a letter saying we'd heard he'd suspended security provisions - people weren't being searched fully like before. We told him we thought that was not wise, in fact more security should be in place. He wrote back, and after thanking us, said, 'Brothers, our people are patted down and knocked down every day of their lives. We want them to come in here and know that they are among their brothers and sisters.'"
-- James Turner, founding director of Africana Studies at Cornell University
"I had just moved to Harlem. It was the first night I was there, and I went for a walk and there was a rally going on. Of course, I had heard about Malcolm before that, but it was mostly the kind of negative things they were running about him in the press then. I felt as if I was hearing the truth. I had never heard anyone speak with such clarity and forcefulness. And he just stimulated me. I found if he mentioned a book or a magazine article, I would try to find it. You hear people use that clich about the University of the Streets. It really was that."
-- A. Peter Bailey, journalist
"Here - at this final hour, Harlem has come to bid farewell to one of its brightest hopes - extinguished now, and gone from us forever.. Many will ask what Harlem finds to honor in this stormy, controversial and bold young captain - and we will smile. .We will answer and say unto them, 'Did you ever talk to Brother Malcolm? Did you ever really listen to him? .For if you did you would know him. And if you knew him you would know why we must honor him.'"
-- Ossie Davis, actor, in his eulogy at Malcolm X's funeral
"This was a brother you could believe. There was the sense that he was not in it for something. That was the extraordinary thing about him. He was in it because of his commitment to our liberation."
-- James Turner, founding director of Africana Studies at Cornell University